Toolkit for handling and admissibility of electronic evidence: Empowering legal practitioners to critically review E-evidence from the procedural rights perspective
Keywords:
criminal law, electronic evidence, criminal proceedingsSynopsis
This Toolkit was created by the Law Institute of the Science and Research Centre of Koper, Slovenia, as a deliverable of the Innocent project funded by the European Commission under the JUST Programme and coordinated by the Law and Internet Foundation, Bulgaria. It aims at enhancing the application of the presumption of innocence when handling electronic evidence (e-evidence) in criminal proceedings and empowering legal practitioners to critically review e-evidence from procedural rights perspective. It is designed to enhance understanding of the legal and practical challenges encountered by judges, prosecutors and defence lawyers (particularly those operating in Central and Eastern Europe) in the acquisition of e-evidence by law enforcement agencies, evaluation of admissibility of e-evidence by judges, and cross-border access to and exchange of e-evidence. Exploring the different stages in the ‘life cycle’ of e-evidence, this Toolkit concerns data and evidence stored in various electronic devices and online information systems, including computers, smartphones, tablets, smartwatches, electronic appliances, portable media (e.g., USB sticks, external hard drives) and clouds, associated with individuals suspected or accused of criminal offenses, as well as those in the possession of other individuals. It also concerns electronic data and evidence held by telecommunication and internet service providers registered in domestic or foreign jurisdictions. However, it does not address legal and/or practical considerations related to interception and obtaining real-time electronic data and evidence from telecommunications operators and refrains from exploring issues concerning the collection of electronic data (and evidence) through techniques of mass surveillance, as well as strategies like “predictive risk-assessment” or other similar approaches aimed at preventing crime and enhancing law enforcement capabilities.
This deliverable was funded by the European Union under Grant Agreement 101056685. The content of this report, including views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union. Neither the European Union nor the European Commission can be held responsible for them.
Downloads
References
Alegrezza, A. (2010). Critical Remarks on the Green Paper on Obtaining Evidence in Criminal Matters from one Member State to another and Securing its Admis- sibility. Zeitschrift für Internationale Strafrechtsdogmatik, Vol. 5, No 9/2010, pp. 569–579.
Antwi-Boasiako, A., Venter, H. (2017). A Model for Digital Evidence Admissibility Assessment. 13th IFIP International Conference on Digital Forensics (DigitalFo- rensics), Orlando, FL, United States, pp. 23–38.
Best Practice Handbook. Enhancing the Fair Trial for People Suspected or Accused of Crimes (FAIR), (2018-2019), D2.4, pp. 1-51. https://www.netlaw.bg/p/f/a/fair-best-practices-handbook-en-2374.pdf, 23.3.2024.
Best practices for EUROpean COORDination on investigative measures and evi- dence gathering. EuroCoord, D4.3 (2019). pp.1-212. https://www.ejn-crimjust.europa.eu/ejn/libdocumentproperties/EN/3680, 23.3.2024.
Biasiotti, M. A. (2017). A proposed electronic evidence exchange across the Euro- pean Union. Digital Evidence and Electronic Signature Law Review, 14, pp. 1–12. https://journals.sas.ac.uk/deeslr/article/view/2337/2289, 23.3.2024.
Birrer, A. (et al.) (May 2023). The state is watching you—A cross-national compar- ison of data retention in Europe. Telecommunications Policy, Vol. 47, No 4, May 2023.
Bonačić, M. (2022). Pristup elektroničkim dokazima: na putu prema novom mod- elu kaznenopravne suradnje u EU. Zagreb: Hrvatska akademija znanosti i umjet- nosti, pp. 71–97.
Case-law by the Court of Justice of the European Union on the European Arrest Warrant. Eurojust. (2023). pp. 93–101. https://www.eurojust.europa.eu/publication/case-law-court-justice-european-union-european-arrest-warrant-october-2023, 23.3.2024.
Casey, E. (2010). Handbook of Digital Forensics and Investigation. California: Else- vier.
Christakis, T. (2020). E-Evidence in the EU Parliament: Basic Features of Birgit Sip- pel’s Draft Report, European Law Blog, 2020.
Communication on Digitalisation of justice in the European Union – A toolbox of opportunities. (2.12.2020). European Commission, Brussels. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX%3A52020DC0710, 23.3.2024.
Conditions for obtaining subscriber information in relation to dynamic versus static IP addresses: overview of relevant court decisions and developments. Cy- bercrime Convention Committee, T-CY(2018)26. https://rm.coe.int/t-cy-2018-26- ip-addresses-v6/16808ea472, 25.3.2024.
Daniel, L. E., (2012). The Foundations of Digital Forensics: Best Practices. IN: Chap- ter 4.: Digital Forensics for Legal Practitioners: Understanding Digital Evidence From The Warrant To The Courtroom. California: Elsevier, pp.25–32. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/B9781597496438000043, 23.3.2024.
Enhancing the Fair Trial for People Suspected or Accused of Crimes. Best Practices Handbook. FAIR Project (Start date 1 October 2018), https://www.netlaw.bg/p/f/a/fair-best-practices-handbook-en-2374.pdf, 22.3.2024.
Data retention across the EU. (July 2017). https://fra.europa.eu/en/publication/2017/data-retention-across-eu, 23.3.2024.
EIO-LAPD Project, Guidelines - European Investigation Order. (September 2021). https://lapd.pf.um.si/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Guidelines_EN_final.pdf, 23.3.2024.
Electronic Evidence Guide: A Basic Guide for Police Officers, Prosecutors and Judg- es. (2020). Council of Europe (DGHRRL), pp. 151–153.
Electronic evidence in criminal matters. European Parliamentary Research Service, September 2023, pp. 1–12. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2021/690522/EPRS_BRI(2021)690522_EN.pdf, 23.3.2024.
ELI Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and the Council on Mu- tual Admissibility of Evidence and Electronic Evidence in Criminal Proceedings. European Law Institute project description. (September 2020-May 2023). https://www.europeanlawinstitute.eu/projects-publications/completed-projects/admissibility-of-e-evidence/, 23.3.2024.
ELI Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and the Council on Mutual Admissibility of Evidence and Electronic Evidence in Criminal Proceedings: Draft Legislative Proposal of the European Law Institute, University of Vienna. Europe- an law Institute, 2023, pp.1-40. https://www.europeanlawinstitute.eu/fileadmin/user_upload/p_eli/Publications/ELI_Proposal_for_a_Directive_on_Mutual_Admissibility_of_Evidence_and_Electronic_Evidence_in_Criminal_Proceedings_in_the_EU.pdf, 23.3.2024.
Enhancing the Fair Trial for People Suspected or Accused of Crimes (FAIR). Europe- an Commission, JUSTICE Programme project description, (October 2018- Novem- ber 2020), https://www.netlaw.bg/en/a/enhancing-the-fair-trial-for-people-suspected-or-accused-of-crimes-fair, 23.3.2024.
Enhancing the Right to be Present (PRESENT). European Commission, JUSTICE Programme project description, (January 2018- December 2019). https://www.netlaw.bg/en/a/enhancing-the-right-to-be-present-present, 23.3.2024.
Erbežnik, A. (2014). Mutual Recognition in EU Criminal Law and Its Effects on the Role of a National Judge. IN: Peršak, N. Legitimacy and Trust in Criminal Law, Pol- icy and Justice Ashgate: Routledge.
Erbežnik, A. (2023). New EU system on cross-border gathering of e-evidence – analysis and open questions. Dignitas, No 98, pp. 47–72.
Erbežnik, A. (2024). International Encyclopaedia of Laws, EU Criminal Law. Alphen aan den Rijn: Kluwer.
Erbežnik, A., Bonačić, M. European Investigation Order, E-Evidence and the Future of Cross-Border Cooperation in the EU. IN: Ambos, K. (et al.) (2023). The Euro- pean Investigation Order Legal Analysis and Practical Dilemmas of International Cooperation, Berlin, pp. 243–262.
Erbežnik, A., Dežman Z. (2022). Introduction to Criminal Procedure Law [Uvod v kazesko procesno pravo]. Ljubljana: GV Založba, Lexpera.
EU Directive on the Presumption of Innocence: Implementation Toolkit. (2017). Legal Experts Advisory Panel, Fair Trials, Roadmap practitioner tools, pp. 1–35. https://www.fairtrials.org/app/uploads/2022/01/Presumption-of-Innocence-Toolkit_2.pdf, 23.3.2024.
European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Free- doms, as amended by Protocols Nos. 11 and 14. (4 November 1950). Council of Europe, ETS 5, pp. 1–34. https://www.echr.coe.int/documents/d/echr/convention_ENG, 23.3.2024.
European Informatics Data Exchange Framework for Courts and Evidence (EVI- DENCE). (2022).
European Commission, CORDIS EU research results. http://www.evidenceproject.eu/, 23.3.2024.
EVIDENCE2e-CODEX – Linking EVIDENCE into e-CODEX for EIO and MLA proce- dures in Europe. (15.2.2018- 14.2.2020). European Commission, JUSTICE Pro- gramme project description, https://evidence2e-codex.eu, 23.3.2024.
FOREnsic evidence gathering autonomous seNSOR. FORENSOR project descrip- tion. (September 2015-February 2019). European Commission, CORDIS EU re- search results, https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/653355, 23.3.2024.
Forlani, G. (2023). The E-evidence Package: The Happy Ending of a Long Negotia- tion Saga. Eucrim, Focus: Electronic Evidence, 2/2023, pp. 174–181.
FORMOBILE Guidance to Checklist Preparation for Legal Practitioners. (2022). Eu- ropean Commission, CORDIS EU research results.
From mobile phones to court – A complete FORensic investigation chain targeting MOBILE devices (FORMOBILE). (26 April 2019). European Commission, CORDIS EU project description, https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/832800, 23.3.2024.
The Criminal Procedure Report, FORMOBILE, From mobile phones to court – A complete FORensic investigation chain targeting MOBILE devices, (December 2022), D2.2., pp. 1–144.
Garamvölgyi, B., Ligeti, K., et al. (2021). Admissibility of E-Evidence in Criminal Proceedings in the EU. Eucrim, Focus: The Future of EU Criminal Justice – Expert Perspectives, 3/2020, pp. 201-208. https://eucrim.eu/articles/admissibility-evidence-criminal-proceedings-eu/, 23.3.2024.
Granja, F. M., Rafael, G. D. (2017). The preservation of digital evidence and its admissibility in the court. International Journal of Electronic Security and Digital Forensics, 9(1), p. 118.
Guide on Article 6 of the Convention – Right to a fair trial (criminal limb). Council of Europe, (2014), http://www.echr.coe.int/Documents/Guide_Art_6_criminal_ENG.pdf, 23.3.2024.
Hoffer, J. (2024). The Ongoing Legal Battle: Biometrics, 5th Amendment, and Phone Decryption. The Berkeley Table. https://medium.com/the-berkeley-table/the-ongoing-legal-battle-biometrics-5th-amendment-and-phone-decryption-8353c6f2f81a, 23.3.2024.
Hummert, Ch., Pawlaszcyk D. (2022). Mobile Forensics – The File Format Hand- book. Common File Formats and File Systems Used in Mobile Devices. FORMO- BILE. Cham: Springer. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-98467-0, 23.3.2024.
Impact Assessment – Accompanying the document Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on European Production and Preservation Orders for electronic evidence.
INNOCENT Report (DRAFT). (2023). INNOCENT – Improving the presumption of innocence when handling electronic evidence. WP2: Comparative Analysis of Data, D.2.1, prepared by the Adam Mickiewicz University Poznań.
Joint Note of Eurojust and the EJN on the practical application of the European Investigation Order. European Union Agency for Criminal Justice Cooperation, (2019), p.1-18. https://www.eurojust.europa.eu/publication/joint-note-eurojust-and-ejn-practical-application-european-investigation-order, 23.3.2024.
Kusak, M. (2016). Mutual admissibility of evidence in criminal matters in the EU. A study of telephone tapping and house search. Institute for International Re- search on Criminal Policy. Apeldoor, Antwerp, Portland: Maklu.
Kusak, M. (2017). Common EU Minimum Standards for Enhancing Mutual Admis- sibility of Evidence Gathered in Criminal Matters. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, v. 23, pp. 337–352.
Kusak, M. (2019). Mutual admissibility of evidence and the European investigation order: aspirations lost in reality. ERA Forum. Journal of the Academy of European Law, 19(3), pp. 391–401.
Lasser, M. (2009). Judicial Deliberations: A Comparative Analysis of Transparency and Legitimacy. Oxford Studies in European Law.
Legality check of SKY-ECC evidence is mandatory. Italian Supreme Court, nr. 44154/23, (7.11.2023), https://canestrinilex.com/en/readings/legality-check-of-skyecc-evidence-is-mandatory-ita-supreme-court-4415423, 20.1.2022.
McBride, J. (2018). The case law of the European Court of Human Rights on Ev- identiary standard in criminal proceedings. Council of Europe, pp.1–26. https://rm.coe.int/council-of-europe-georgia-european-court-of-human-rights-case-study-ev/16807823c3, 23.3.2024.
Mobile phone data extraction by police forces in England and Wales Investigation report. (2020). Information Commissioner’s Office, Version 1.1. https://ico.org.uk/media/about-the-ico/documents/2617838/ico-report-on-mpe-in-england-and-wales-v1_1.pdf, 23.3.2024.
Novak, M., Grier, J., Gozales, D. (2018). New approaches to digital evidence acquisition and analyses. National Institute of justice Journal, pp. 1–8. https://nij.ojp.gov/topics/articles/new-approaches-digital-evidence-acquisition-and-analysis, 23.3.2024.
Overview of existing legal framework in EU Member States. (30.10.2015). Euro- pean Commission, CORDIS EU research results. European Informatics Data Exchange Framework for Courts and Evidence (EVIDENCE), D3.1, pp.1–145. http://s.evidenceproject.eu/p/e/v/evidence-ga-608185-d3-1-411.pdf, 23.3.2024.
Presumption of innocence and related rights – Professional perspectives (31.3.2021). European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, pp.1–104. https://fra.europa.eu/en/publication/2021/presumption-of-innocence, 23.3.2024.
ProCam – Procedural Rights Observed by the Camera: Audiovisual Recordings of Interrogation in the EU. (1.9.2017-30.6.2019). European Commission, JUSTICE Programme project description, https://www.oijj.org/en/our-work/research/projects/procam-procedural-rights-observed-camera-audiovisual-recordings, 23.3.2024.
ProCam – Procedural Rights Observed by the Camera: Audiovisual Recordings of Interrogation in the EU. European Commission, JUSTICE Programme project de- scription, 1.9.2017–30.6.2019.
Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council laying down harmonised rules on the appointment of legal representatives for the purpose of gathering evidence in criminal proceedings. (2018). European Commission, Commission Staff Working Document, https://eur-lex. europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=SWD%3A2018%3A118%3AFIN, 23.3.2024.
Raburu, G., Dinga, L. (2020). Legal Issues in Computer Forensics and Digital Evidence Admissibility. International Journal of Computer Science and Mobile Computing, vol. 9(7), pp. 86–89. https://ijcsmc.com/docs/papers/July2020/V9I7202021.pdf, 23.3.2024.
Ramadhan, R. A., Setiawan, P. R., Hariyadi, March D. (2012). Digital Forensic Investigation for Non-volatile Memory Architecture by Hibrid Evaluation Based on ISO/ ESC 27307:2012 and NIST SP800-86 Framework. IT Journal Research and De- velopment (ITJRD), Vol. 6, No 2, pp. 163. http://journal.uir.ac.id/index.php/ITJRD, 23.3.2024.
Recommendation list. Enhancing the Right to be Present (PRESENT). (2019). D3.4, pp.1–23. https://www.netlaw.bg/p/r/e/recommendation-list-2467.pdf, 23.3.2024.
Report on data protection and other fundamental rights issues. EVIDENCE2e-CO- DEX – Linking EVIDENCE into e-CODEX for EIO and MLA procedures in Europe. (2018-2019). European Commission, JUSTICE Programme, D2.3., pp.1–5. https://evidence2e-codex.eu/p/e/v/evidence2e-codex-deliverable-d2-3-summary-436.pdf, 23.3.2024.
Report on EIO and MLA. EVIDENCE2e-CODEX – Linking EVIDENCE into e-CODEX for EIO and MLA procedures in Europe. (2018-2020). European Commission, JUSTICE Programme, D2.2, pp.1–3. https://evidence2e-codex.eu/p/e/v/evidence2e-codex-deliverable-d2-2-summary-731.pdf, 23.3.2024.
Report on Eurojust’s casework in the field of the European Investigation Order. (November 2020). Eurojust, p.1–58. https://www.eurojust.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2020-11/2020-11_EIO-Casework-Report_CORR_.pdf, 23.3.2024.
Report on implementation of EIO. EVIDENCE2e-CODEX – Linking EVIDENCE into e-CODEX for EIO and MLA procedures in Europe. (2018-2019). European Com- mission, JUSTICE Programme, D2.1, pp. 1–4. https://evidence2e-codex.eu/p/e/v/ evidence2e-codex-deliverable-d2-1-summary-523.pdf, 23.3.2024.
Report on implementation of EIO. EVIDENCE2e-CODEX – Linking EVIDENCE into e-CODEX for EIO and MLA procedures in Europe. (2018-2019). European Com- mission, JUSTICE Programme, D2.1, pp. 1–4.
Rights in practice: right to access to a lawyer and procedural rights in criminal and European arrest warrant proceedings. (2019). European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, pp. 1–79. https://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/fra_uploads/fra-2019-rights-in-practice-access-to-a-lawyer-and-procedural-rights-in-criminal-and-european-arrest-warrant-proceedings.pdf, 23.3.2024.
Risinger, D. M., Risinger, L. C. (2012). Innocence Is Different: Taking Innocence into Account in Reforming Criminal Procedure. New York Law School Law Review, 56(3), pp. 869–909. https://digitalcommons.nyls.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1663&context=nyls_law_review, 23.3.2024.
Roadmap. European Commission, CORDIS EU research results. European Infor- matics Data Exchange Framework for Courts and Evidence (EVIDENCE). (2022). D9.2, pp. 1–111. https://s.evidenceproject.eu/p/e/v/evidence-ga-608185-d9-2-426. pdf, 23.3.2024.
ROXANNE – Real time network, text, and speaker analytics for combating organised crime European Commission, (September 2019- December 2022). Horizon 2020 Programme project description, https://roxanne-euproject.org, 23.3.2024.
T-CY Guidance Notes, Adopted by the 8th, 9th, 12th, 16th and 21st Plenary of the T-CY. (8 July 2019). Council of Europe, Strasbourg, pp. 1–38. https://rm.coe.int/t-cy-guidance-notes-compilation/16809fc22c, 23.3.2024.
Simonato, M. (2014). Defence rights and the use of information technology in criminal procedure. Revue internationale de droit pénal, 85(1-2), pp. 261–310.
Stoykova, R. (2021). Digital evidence: Unaddressed threats to fairness and the presumption of innocence. Computer Law & Security Review, 42, pp. 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2021.105575, 23.3.2024.
Stoykova, R. (2023). Encrochat: The hacker with a warrant and fair trials? Forensic Science International: Digital Investigation, Vol. 46, pp.1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsidi.2023.301602, 23.3.2024.
Summaries of EU legislation: Electronic evidence in criminal proceedings – designated establishments and legal representatives of service providers. (30.5.2023). EUR-Lex Acces to European Union Law, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/EN/legal-content/summary/electronic-evidence-in-criminal-proceedings-designated-establishments-and-legal-representatives-of-service-providers.html, 23.3.2024.
Summaries of EU legislation: Mutual assistance in criminal matters between EU countries. (10.9.2018). EUR-Lex Acces to European Union Law, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/EN/legal-content/summary/mutual-assistance-in-criminal-matters-between-eu-countries.html, 23.3.2024.
Thaman, S. C. (2010). Fruits of the Poisonous Tree in Comparative Law. Southwest- ern Journal of International Law, v. 16, pp. 333–384.
The Criminal Procedure Report. (2022). European Commission, CORDIS EU re- search results.
Tinoco-Pastrana, A. (2020). The Proposal on Electronic Evidence in the European Union, eucrim, No 1, pp. 46–50.
Tools for the Investigation of Transactions in Underground Markets. TITANIUM project description. (May 2017- April 2020). European Commision, CORDIS EU research results, https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/740558, 23.3.2024.
Tosza, S. (2018). The European Commission’s Proposal on Cross-Border Access to E-Evidence, eucrim, No 4/2018, pp. 212–219.
Tosza, S. (2020). All evidence is equal, but electronic evidence is more equal than any other: The relationship between the European Investigation Order and the European Production Order, New Journal of European Criminal Law, Vol. 11, No 2, pp. 161–183.
Vaciago, G., Silva Ramalho, D. (2016). Online searches and online surveillance of trojans and other types of malware as means of obtaining evidence in criminal proceedings. Digital Evidence and Electronic Signature Law Review, 13, pp. 88–96.
Vermeulen, G. (2011). Free gathering and movement of evidence in criminal mat- ters in the EU: Thinking beyond borders, striving for balance, in search of coher- ence. Apeldoor, Antwerp, Portland: Maklu.
Wahl, T. (2022). Encrochat Turns into a Case for the CJEU, Eucrim, No 3/2022, pp. 197–198.
Zubik, M., Podkowik, J., et al. (2021). European Constitutional Courts towards Data Retention Laws. Law, Governance and Technology Series, v. 45. Springer.
Case Law
CJEU. Åkerberg Fransson, C-617/1027, Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber) of 26 February 2013.
CJEU. Direktor na Glavna direktsia ‘Natsionalna politsia’ pri MVR – Sofia, C-118/22, Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber) of 30 January 2024.
CJEU. H.K., C-746/18, Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber) of 2 March 2021.
CJEU. Kossowski, C-486/14, Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber) of 29 June 2016.
CJEU. Kraaijenbrink, C-367/05, Judgment of the Court (Second Chamber) of 18 July 2007.
CJEU. La Quadrature du Net et al., C-511/18, Judgment of the Court (Grand Cham- ber) of 6 October 2020.
CJEU. Mantello, C-261/09, Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber) of 16 November 2010.
CJEU. Spasic, C-129/14 PPU, Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber), 27 May 2014.
CJEU. Staatsanwaltschaft Berlin (EncroChat). C-670/22, ongoing.
CJEU. Staatsanwaltschaft Wien v A. and Others, C-584/19, Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber) of 8 December 2020.
CJEU. van Esbroeck, C-436/04, Judgment of the Court (Second Chamber) of 9 March 2006.
ECHR. Barberà, Messegué and Jabardo v. Spain, 6.12.1988, a. No 10590/83. ECHR. Aleksandr Zaichenko v. Russia, 18.2.2010, a. No 39660/02.
ECHR. Allan v. the United Kingdom, 28.8.2001, a. No 48539/99. ECHR. Benedik v. Slovenia, 24.4.2018, a. No 62357/14.
ECHR. Beuze v. Belgium, 9.11.2018, a. No 71409/10. ECHR. Dayanan v. Turkey, 13.10.2009, a. No 7377/03. ECHR. Dragojević v. Croatia, 15.1.2015 a. No 68955/11. ECHR. Dvorski v. Croatia, 20.10.2015, a. No 25703/11.
ECHR. Engel and Others v. Netherlands, 8.6.1976, a. Nos 5100/71, 5101/71, 5102/71, 5354/72, 5370/72.
ECHR. Gäfgen v. Germany, 1.6.2010, a. No 22978/05.
ECHR. Heaney and Meguiness v. Ireland, 21.12.2000, a. No 34720/97.
ECHR. Ibrahim and Others v. the United Kingdom, 13.9.2016, a. Nos 50541/08, 50571/08, 50573/08 and 40351/09.
ECHR. Iordachi and Others v. Moldova, 10.2.2009, a. No 25198/02. ECHR. Jalloh v Germany, 11.6.2006, a. No 54810/00.
ECHR. John Murray v. the United Kingdom, 8.2.1996, a. No 18731/81. ECHR. Khan v. United Kingdom, 12.5.2000, a. No 35394/97.
ECHR. Marcello Viola v. Italy, 5.10.2006, a. No 45106/04. ECHR. Minteh v. France, 31.5.2021, a. No 23624/10.
ECHR. Moiseyev v. Russia, 9.11.2008, a. No 62936/00. ECHR. Natunen v. Finland, 31.5.2009, a. No 21022/04. ECHR. Padalov v. Bulgaria, 10.11.2006, a. No 54784/00. ECHR. Panovits v. Cyprus, 11.12.2008, a. No 4268/04.
ECHR. S v. Switzerland, 28.11.1991, a. Nos 12629/87 and 13965/88.
ECHR. Salabiaku v. France, 7.10.1988, a. No 10519/83.
ECHR. Salduz v. Turkey, 27.11.2008, a. No 36391/02.
ECHR. Saunders v. the United Kingdom, 17.12.1996, a. No 19187/91.
ECHR. Schenk v. Switzerland, 12.6.1988, a. No 10862/84.
ECHR. Sigurður Einarsson and others v. Iceland, 4.6.2019, a. No 39757/15.
ECHR. Simeonovi v. Bulgaria, 12.5.2017, a. No 21980/04.
ECHR. Van Wesenbeeck v. Belgium, 23.5.2017, a. No 67496/10 and 52936/12.
ECHR. Yüksel Yalçınkaya v. Türkiye, 26.9.2003, a. No 15669/20. ECHR. Zličić v. Serbia, 26.1.2021, a. No 73313/17 and 20143/19. Slovenian Constitution Court, case No U-I-144/19, 6.6.2023.
Slovenian Constitutional Court, case No Up-1006/13, 9.6.2016. Slovenian Constitutional Court, case No Up-127/16, 20.1.2022. Slovenian Constitutional Court, case No Up-326/14, 6.12.2017.
Supreme Court of the Netherlands. 13 October 2020, ECLI:NL:HR:2021:202.
U.S. Supreme Court, Nardone v. United States, 11.12.1939, 308 U.S. 338.
U.S. Supreme Court, Silverthorne Lumber Co. v. United States, 26.1.1920, 251 U.S. 385.
Legislation
Council of Europe Law
Budapest Convention on Cybercrime: Benefits and Impact in Practice. Council of Europe, Strasbourg 13 July 2020, p. 1–45. https://rm.coe.int/t-cy-2020-16-bc-benefits-rep-provisional/16809ef6ac, 23.3.2024.
Convention on Cybercrime, Special edition dedicated to the drafters of the Convention (1997-2001). 2022. In 4. Explanatory report to the Convention on Cybercrime. Council of Europe, March 2022, p. 57–124. https://rm.coe.int/special-edition-budapest-convention-en-2022/1680a6992e, 23.3.2024.
Convention on Cybercrime. Council of Europe, ETS 185, 23 November 2001. https://www.refworld.org/legal/agreements/coe/2001/en/90189, 23.3.2024.
European Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters. Council of Europe, ETS No. 030, 20 April 1959, p. 1–9. https://rm.coe.int/16800656ce, 23.3.2024.
European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, as amended by Protocols Nos. 11 and 14, Council of Europe, ETS 5, 4 November 1950, https://www.echr.coe.int/documents/d/echr/convention_ENG, 23.3.2024
Second Additional Protocol to the Convention on Cybercrime on enhanced co-operation and disclosure of electronic evidence. Council of Europe, CETS 224, 17 November 2021, p.1–21. https://rm.coe.int/1680a49dab, 23.3.2024.
Second Additional Protocol to the European Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters. Council of Europe, ETS No. 182, 8 November 2001, p.1–16. https://rm.coe.int/168008155e, 23.3.2024.
The Charter of the Fundamental Rights of the European Union, Official Journal of the European Communities, a. no. 364/01.
EU Law
Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. Official Journal of the European Communities, 18 December 2000 (2000/C 364/01), p. 391–407. https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b3b70.html, 23.3.2024.
Consolidated version of the Treaty on European Union, OJ C 326, 26.10.2012, pp. 13–390.
Consolidated version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, OJ C 326, 26.10.2012, pp. 47–390.
Convention established by the Council in accordance with Article 34 of the Treaty on European Union, on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters between the Member States of the European Union, OJ C 197, 12.7.2000, pp. 3–23.
Convention established by the Council in accordance with Article 34 of the Treaty on European Union, on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters between the Member States of the European Union, OJ L C 197, 12.7.2000, pp. 3–23.
Convention implementing the Schengen Agreement of 14 June 1985 between the Governments of the States of the Benelux Economic Union, the Federal Republic of Germany and the French Republic on the gradual abolition of checks at their common borders, OJ L 239, 22.9.2000, pp. 19–62.
Council Framework Decision 2008/978/JHA of 18 December 2008 on the European evidence warrant for the purpose of obtaining objects, documents and data for use in proceedings in criminal matters, OJ L 350, 30.12.2008, pp. 144–164.
Directive (EU) 2015/1535 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 September 2015 laying down a procedure for the provision of information in the field of technical regulations and of rules on Information Society services, OJ L 241, 17.9.2015, pp. 1–15.
Directive (EU) 2016/343 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 March 2016 on the strengthening of certain aspects of the presumption of innocence and of the right to be present at the trial in criminal proceedings, OJ L 65, 11.3.2016, pp. 1–11.
Directive (EU) 2016/680 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data by competent authorities for the purposes of the prevention, investigation, detection or prosecution of criminal offences or the execution of criminal penalties, and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Council Frame- work Decision 2008/977/JHA, OJ L 119, 4.5.2016, pp. 89–131.
Directive (EU) 2016/680 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data by competent authorities for the purposes of the prevention, investigation, detection or prosecution of criminal offences or the execution of criminal penalties, and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Council Frame- work Decision 2008/977/JHA, OJ L 119, 4.5.2016, pp. 89–131.
Directive (EU) 2017/541 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 March 2017 on combating terrorism and replacing Council Framework Decision 2002/475/JHA and amending Council Decision 2005/671/JHA, OJ L 88, 31.3.2017, pp. 6–21.
Directive (EU) 2018/1972 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 establishing the European Electronic Communications Code, OJ L 321, 17.12.2018, pp. 36–214.
Directive (EU) 2019/713 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 April 2019 on combating fraud and counterfeiting of non-cash means of payment and replacing Council Framework Decision 2001/413/JHA, OJ L 123, 10.5.2019, p. 18–29.
Directive (EU) 2023/1544 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 July 2023 laying down harmonised rules on the designation of designated establishments and the appointment of legal representatives for the purpose of gathering electronic evidence in criminal proceedings, OJ L 191, 28.7.2023, pp. 181–190.
Directive 2011/93/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 December 2011 on combating the sexual abuse and sexual exploitation of children and child pornography, and replacing Council Framework Decision 2004/68/JHA, OJ L 335, 17.12.2011, pp. 1–14.
Directive 2011/99/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 December 2011 on the European Protection Order, OJ L 338, 21.12.2011, pp. 2–18.
Directive 2012/13/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 May 2012 on the right to information in criminal proceedings, OJ L 142, 1.6.2012, pp. 1–10.
Directive 2013/40/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 August 2013 on attacks against information systems and replacing Council Framework Decision 2005/222/JHA, OJ L 218, 14.8.2013, pp. 8–14.
Directive 2013/48/EU of the European Parliament and f the Council of 22 October 2013 on the right of access to a lawyer in criminal proceedings and in European arrest warrant proceedings, and on the right to have a third party informed upon deprivation of liberty and to communicate with third persons and with consular authorities while deprived of liberty, OJ L 294, 6.11.2013, pp. 1–12.
Directive 2014/41/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 3 April 2014 regarding the European Investigation Order in criminal matters, OJ L 130, 1.5.2014, pp. 1–36.
Directive 2016/343/EU of the European Parliament and f the Council of 9 March 2016 on the strengthening of certain aspects of the presumption of innocence and of the right to be present at the trial in criminal proceedings, OJ L 65, 11.3.2016, pp. 1–11.
Proposal for a Council Regulation on the establishment of the European Public Prosecutor’s Office, (COM(2013) 534), Article 30(1). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=celex%3A52013PC0534, 23.3.2024.
Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on European Production and Preservation Orders for electronic evidence in criminal matters. Explanatory memorandum, Council of Europe, Strasbourg, 17 April 2018.
Regulation (EU) 2022/850 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2022 on a computerised system for the cross-border electronic exchange of data in the area of judicial cooperation in civil and criminal matters (e-CODEX system), OJ L 150, 1.6.2022, p. 1.
Regulation (EU) 2023/1543 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 July 2023 on European Production Orders and European Preservation Orders for electronic evidence in criminal proceedings and for the execution of custodial sentences following criminal proceedings. OJ L 191, 28.7.2023, pp. 118–180.
Regulation (EU) 2023/2844 on the digitalisation of judicial cooperation and access to justice in cross-border civil, commercial and criminal matters, and amending certain acts in the field of judicial cooperation. OJ L, 2023/2844, 27.12.2023.
Resolution of the Council of 30 November 2009 on a Roadmap for strengthening the procedural rights of suspected or accused persons in criminal proceedings, OJ C 295, 4.12.2009, pp. 1–3.
Other
Criminal Procedure Act (CPA), Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia, a. No 176/21.
Downloads
Forthcoming
Categories
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
