Vpliv talnega gnojenja z organskimi in mineralnimi gnojili na prehranjenost, rast in razvoj: Poročilo o ciljnoraziskovalnem projektu CRP V4-2216: Ohranjanje in izboljšanje proizvodnega potenciala tal za trajnostno pridelavo oljk GO-TO S-OIL
Keywords:
oljka, oljkarstvo, oljčnik, gnojenjeSynopsis
Evropska unija si je zadala cilj zmanjšati izgube hranil za vsaj 50 % ob ohranjanju rodovitnosti tal. Do leta 2030 naj bi se poraba gnojil zmanjšala za najmanj 20 % ob popolnem izvajanju okoljskih in podnebnih predpisov. Zeleni dogovor EU predvideva, da bo do leta 2030 vsaj 25 % kmetijskih zemljišč v EU prešlo na ekološko kmetovanje. Ker je približno 50 % svetovnega prebivalstva odvisnega od kmetijskih proizvodov, pridelanih z mineralnimi gnojili, in ker je bila v preteklosti široka uporaba mineralnih gnojil posledica nizkih cen in lahke dostopnosti, se evropska industrija gnojil zdaj sooča z velikim izzivom: razvojem trajnostnih gnojil. Večina raziskav se je osredotočila na sinergijske učinke kombinacije organskih in sintetičnih gnojil ter na vpliv različnih odmerkov gnojil na vegetativno rast, kakovost olja in pridelek. V literaturi je malo podatkov o primerjalnih učinkih enake uporabe dušika z različnimi gnojili na rast in pridelek. Za oceno učinkov različnih dušikovih gnojil (mineralno gnojilo (MG), organsko-mineralno gnojilo (OMG) in organsko gnojilo – kozji gnoj, vdelan v tla (OG)) na rast, cvetenje in razvoj plodov oljk v zmernem sredozemskem podnebju je bil v oljčnem nasadu sorte ‘Maurino’ izveden petletni poljski poskus. Rezultati so pokazali, da nizka vsebnost fosforja in kalija v OMG v primerjavi z MG ni pomembno vplivala na rast in pridelek oljk, saj med oljkami, gnojenimi z enim ali drugim gnojilom, ni bilo bistvenih razlik. Vnos kozjega gnoja v tla brez dodatka drugih gnojil je povzročil manjše število plodov in manjšo rast oljk v primerjavi z drugimi gnojili, vendar so bili pridelki v vseh letih bolj enakomerni. Zato bi lahko kozji gnoj, vdelan v tla, predstavljal alternativo konvencionalnim metodam gnojenja v regijah z zmernim sredozemskim podnebjem. Primerjalna analiza laboratorijskih in NIR-meritev za oceno vsebnosti hranil v oljčnih listih je pokazala najboljše ujemanje pri dušiku (R² = 0,78), kar potrjuje potencial NIR-metode za hitro in stroškovno učinkovito spremljanje prehranjenosti oljk.
Poročilo o ciljnoraziskovalnem projektu CRP V4-2216 Ohranjanje in izboljšanje proizvodnega potenciala tal za trajnostno pridelavo oljk (GO-TO S-OIL).
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